Cross Cultural Research On Emotion Expression - 2307 Words

Although the majority of cross-cultural research on emotion expression has examined facial expressions as the primary indicator, evidence of cultural differences has also been found in emotion expression through non-facial cues. For instance, Sauter, Eisner, Ekman, and Scott (2010) investigated whether emotions expressed through vocalization can be recognized across two disparate cultures: English and Himba (a culturally isolated Namibian group). Although their main finding focused on the universality of emotional vocalization, they found that some positive emotions were not recognized across cultures, implying that some vocalizations used to express emotions may be culturally specific. Regarding this result, Sauter (2010) has conducted subsequent research focusing on cultural specificity. She revealed that English participants paired smiling faces with vocalizations of amusement and achievement; on the other hand, Himba participants paired the smiling faces only with vocalizations of amusement. This result indicates that people from different cultures may use different vocalizations to express emotions and interpret them in different ways. In addition, there is evidence of cultural difference in bodily expressions of emotion. Kleinsmith, De Silva, and Bianchi-Berthouze (2006) concluded in their study that the Japanese tend to be less animated in bodily expressions of emotion, compared to Americans or Sri Lankans. This finding implies that people from Eastern cultures tendShow MoreRelatedCulture Reveals A Flexible System For Face Processing Case Study769 Words   |  4 Pagesand eye mapping laboratory, Caldara has concluded that how facial expressions are perceived vary between Eastern and Western cultures despite the universal opinion that facial expressions are homogenous. The numerous studies he has collaborated on suggest that the decoding of emotions depends heavily on the observer’s cultural background. More specifically, when observing a face and attempting to an interpret someone’s facial expression, Westerners’ gazes tend to focus on specific regions, especiallyRead MoreCultural Difference s At Work Between The Usa And Russia1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of cross-cultural communication. Cultural differences at work between the USA and Russia Cross-cultural communication is about the manner people with different cultural background interact with each other face to face or at a distance, i. e. the process by which people exchange with information. Three broad areas of communication are written, verbal and non-verbal communication, or body language. Some communication styles include direct/indirect, formal/informal and emotional/neutralRead MoreHow Culture Has Affected People Around The World1696 Words   |  7 Pagessmiliar biological needs? Social psychologists have been trying to investigate how culture diversity has affected people around the world. In this essay, we will look at how culture influences diffferent psychological processes of humans such as emotions, perception, and cognition. The essay will also explore on the different factors that might affect psychological procecss besides culture. We used the word culture in many different ways in everyday language. Most people used the word culture toRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On Mental Health Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The importance of a cross-cultural understanding in Psychology is imperative to successful care and assistance of mental health. Understanding and acknowledging the complexities of different cultures is the beginning of a more informed approach to mental health. Cultural factors and questions play a fundamental role, however, simply acknowledging cultural differences does not necessarily provide the best individual help. Thus, a combination of cultural, demographic and individual factorsRead MoreEmotions - Universal or A Learned Phenomenon Essay1802 Words   |  8 Pagesconcerns emotions and controversial arguments based on whether emotions are universal or a learned phenomenon. Most of the research in to cross cultural Psychology surround their attention on the biological aspect of emotions as being the primary source of the occurrence of emotions and has been the subject of numerous studies. However, culture is also known to affect and provoke emotional experiences. This essay wi ll discuss the position of emotions from a Universalist view and from a cultural viewRead MoreNowadays The Study Of Emotion Is One Of The Most Complex1286 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays the study of emotion is one of the most complex concepts in the field of psychology. Plutchik (2001) states that emotions are an essential part of who we are and how we survive; emotional distress impels people to seek help, and indeed the primary concern of psychotherapy is the repair of emotional disorders. Darwin (1872) believed that emotions are evolutionarily adaptive, generating appropriate behaviour to aid survival, as well as universal, cross-cultural and cross- species. This wasRead MoreDevelopment of Emotion Based on Culture for Infants and Toddlers1539 Words   |  7 PagesAmong all different developmental fields, emotional expression plays a very important role for people to understand infants and toddlers’ feelings before they can express their thoughts accurately by language com munication. In simple words, emotion means the rapid appraisal of the personal significance of the situation, which prepares people for action. For example, happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, and sadness are the six basic emotions in humans (Berk, 2012); people can easily identifyRead MoreThe Importance Of Neuropsychology And Its Effects On The Nervous System1507 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses of the nervous system and the behavior of organisms (Barkley, 1983). The focus of this particular field in psychology is not just pertaining to humans as research on infrahumans consistently provides simple scientific information and data from which research ideas on humans will be drawn/ concluded from (Barkley, 1983). For example, research that was conducted on rats involved giving amphetamines to the rats with given closed head injuries yielded the option of exploring the use of stimulant drugsRead MoreCommunication Barriers That Can Hinder The Smooth Flow Of Communication Essay13 98 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is one of the most powerful and effective ways of expressing one’s thoughts and emotions. Success for a student depends largely to the extent of their ability to communicate effectively. There are many factors responsible for a breakdown in communication, known as barriers to communication. This paper will begin by discussing the intrapersonal barriers that can impede on a student’s ability to communicate effectively. It will then examine intercultural language barriers and how theyRead MoreCultural And Gender Differences Of Emotion1179 Words   |  5 PagesCultural and Gender Differences in Emotion Emotion â€Å"Emotions are the cornerstones of our social worlds, affecting our interactions with others in countless ways† (Soto, Levenson, and Ebling, 2005). The domain of emotion is vast with many aspects to investigate and discover. Research suggests that there are basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise and also more complex emotions such as contempt, embarrassment, pride, and shame (Tracy Robins, 2008). Two areas of

Generations Of The Harry Potter Fandom New And Old

Generations of the Harry Potter Fandom: New and Old What will J.K. Rowling come up with next? As a fan of the Harry Potter film and book series, I grew up with the many adventures of Harry Potter and his heroic friends. From his first experiences at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to the epic, heart pounding battle that not only ended with the (spoiler alert) defeat of Harry Potter’s nemesis Voldermort, but also the loss of many of his dear friends and family. Each and every fan out there was heart-broken over the loss of each vital character. From the death of Sirius Black to Dobby: the free elf and so many others like Professor Albus Dumbledore and Remus Lupin. All were dear to Harry and to his fan kingdom. But the fandom of the Potter series were not just linked to Potter himself, but to every detail about the wizarding world. From the clothing to the idea of becoming a witch or wizard. The new world that J. K. Rowling had created had fans completely mesmerized. As a huge, continued fan, and even after the series was complete, I am still in awe of details within the movies and the books. From the pictures that are memories of real people that a person can interact with to the Hogwart’s castle that is alive with moving columns, the great hall whose ceiling is bewitched to show the sky outside, and the room of requirement that appears to aid any student in whatever they needed at the time. Like all unforgettable books and movies, there is a hero and a villain.Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On The Internet2365 Words   |  10 PagesYouTube posed somewhat of a question mark in my household when it came pre-downloaded onto my mother’s first iPhone in 2007. Only two years after its creation, the app’s icon resembled a brown, old fashioned TV- nothing like the vivid, red play button that is used now. My mum deleted the app, convinced there was no need for it. I discovered just how wrong she was in March 2012 when at thirteen I turned to YouTube to learn how to sing ‘On My Own’ from Les Miserables for a school competition. It was

War Brings Out the Good in People Free Essays

War brings out the best in people War does not bring negative effects all the time. It does bring out the best in people. This is because during war people start caring more about everyone. We will write a custom essay sample on War Brings Out the Good in People or any similar topic only for you Order Now The war unites people and makes them more courageous. During war time, people start caring more about everyone’s humanity. When people see, for example, a family in distress due to war, then people would become more hospitable and help them in every way they can. They might give them clothing, food and provide all their necessities, and also sometimes let them stay at their own place. During the war time people become more united. For example, the town I lived in got bombed, then all the people in our town would get together to survive in the bad times. Even enemies will be united in these bad times . During war people will not only think about themselves, but they would also think about others too. For example, the people who live in the next town would collect money and help our town that was bombed. Even other neighboring countries would help us in times as these. During the war time, people would get more courageous. This is because to survive people will have to be courageous. If they are not scared then they can somehow bare any sort of pain. But if people are scared they would not be able to face the ugly truth of war. To conclude, I would say that war does not bring bad in people. It does bring the good in people as the facts I have written above. Because of war people would be more hospitable, caring , courageous and be untied to survive together. How to cite War Brings Out the Good in People, Essay examples

A Critical Analysis of Jay Adam theory of Biblical Counseling free essay sample

In his theory of Christian counseling, Adam gives an approach that is theoretical by arguing that the word of God has the ability to make any person wise for the sake of salvation. This presents a model that teaches, corrects and convinces Christians to uphold biblical teachings on their way to salvation through service of God and demonstrating love to their neighbors (Adam, 1986:12).The theory as well as its entire process is built on the pedestal of sufficiency and the primacy of scripture. This serves as the foundation of Christian counseling and must be valued by Christian counselors. Adam’s theory has elicited a host of reactions from Christian counselors due to the evident weakness as well as strengths that it has with regard to the process of dispensation of Christian counseling. This paper seeks to analysis the extent to which Adam’s theory is valid as well as the evident errors it manifests in the entire process of Christian counseling. Critique of Jay E. Adam’s Theory of Biblical Counseling Adam’s model is analogous to the therapeutic process of counseling where the goal of salvation as well as the importance of change of Christian is the main focus. This is indeed a major contribution to Christian counselors who make extensive integration as well as cognition guided by the bible. Arguably, it is an approach that does not sustain the notion of non Christian in their pursuit for change due to the underlying factor that non Christians have the inability to picture their destined fate in the eyes of God. Accordingly, Adam’s Christian counseling emphasizes on the fact that God, through Jesus Christ, brought redemption to mankind and the blood of Jesus Christ, as argued in Ephesians chapter one, facilitates the continuous forgiveness of sins and growth of Christian in grace (Adam, 1986). It is plausible to argue that Adam’s theory possess posses both spiritual and theological foundation as it proposes an innovative approach to counseling which dwells on the Judeo and Christian faith. However, the major errors that Adam’s theory typifies underlie the assumptions of theology. As a result, Christian counselors can only use the scriptural approach only when they are dealing with believers. This definitely contradicts the transformational objective that the theory advocates for because, both the believers and non believers in the society should be guided through a change process towards God; a factor that ultimately brings about the effect of a satisfied person. By using the discriminating angle of sing scripture to only Christian, Adam proposes tat Christian counseling is not comprehensive. In addition, Adam holistically builds his approach in an isolated way from the teachings of Jesus Christ. He argues that if counseling depends on the truth, then such truth is inherent in the Bible (Adam, 1986: 39). Accordingly, this gives a Christian counselor a leeway to challenge the psychological paradigms in a bid to base the counseling approach on such understanding. With regard to this, the word alone is unable to capture a number of dilemmas that are evidenced during psychotherapy. It therefore follows that Christian counselors are limited to dealing with clients who have addictive behaviors. From this conception, Christian’s counselors have the pertinent role to handle their clients in a way that they will efficiently use the scriptural background to understand themselves as well as structure a concise schema for change. On the other hand, Adam provides alternative plans that can be incorporated with the Bible to facilitate a counseling session. Such approach is prayer and critically, prayer has therapeutic effects since, it restores hope to a client who may be on the verge of giving up. Another alternative include nouthetic counseling which emphasis on the need for Christian counselors to be born again. As such, a person is deemed born again if they agree to the fact that they are sinful and according to Adam, Christian counselors should use there important elements of sanctification, evangelism and edification in their whole process of counseling. In view of this, Adam prescribes four steps that should be followed which include teaching, correction, conviction as well as training the client to be disciplined in the line of righteousness (Adam, 1986: 12-14). It is critical to note that Adams theory of biblical counseling leaves Christian counselors to their own devices. In other words, they have to use their discretion in a bid to establish a therapeutic relationship with their clients; a factor that is characteristic to the uniqueness of every counseling session well as therapeutic processes. This is evidently a strength that Adam’s theory provides because, counseling session in light of this will be based   on trust hence paving way for the client o open up and dedicate themselves towards the path of maturity in Christianity as well as dealing with their emotional and behavioral issues. To reinforce and justify his argument of nouthetic counseling, Adam argues that not all transformation yield positive results. However, through this alternative, transformation has to be consistent, with the principle of the bible because the underlying factor in Christian counseling the goal is growing towards God (Adam, 1986: 17). With regard to this, Christian counselors are positioned as therapists who teach the client to become morally sound and more dependable on god that any other person. A counselor thus guides the client away from themselves and closer to God; something that may not be the primary need of the client. It is evident that Adam’s theory fails to appreciate that some clients need emotional support without any connection to spiritual gain. If Adam’s approach is used to such clients, the results of counseling may end up being devastating. Adam’s theory equally stresses on that counselors should be ready to learn more from their counseling sessions. Definitely, a faithful servant of God uses the passages in the scripture to think through the implications of their therapeutic practice thus getting an opportunity to learn more from their experiences with clients (Adam, 1986: 54). This moves away from the conceptualization that scripture alone may not suffice such a dispensation and the final goal of counseling should not be converting the client to higher levels of Christian growth. However, it is important for every Christian counselor a holy definite moral standards so that to be able to articulate all these issues. It follows that the path of change is not easy as it sounds. On ground of this conceptualization, Adam argues that Holy Spirit plays a significant role in the whole facet of biblical change. Arguably, the client is enabled to change within the right precincts so that all issues relating to God may be obeyed and affected by the client. Conclusion Adam’s theory of Christian counseling succeeds in facilitating a theological foundation that guides how Christian counselors should approach the whole question of biblical counseling. It emphasis on the faith-based objectives where, in addition to addressing the client with their behavioral and emotional problems, they benefit from the inclination of growth in Christ that Christian counseling takes. The primacy of the scripture is equally appreciated thereby contributing to the success of Christian counseling. Although the theory fails to address the needs of non believers who are not ready to take part in the journey of salvation, it sufficiently addresses important components that counseling in the Christian nature takes. Such approach includes integrating prayers and following steps that teaches, convinces, corrects and empowers the client to lead a fulfilling Christian life. Reference Adam, J (1986).Helping People to Change: A   Biblical Process. New York: Zondervan